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Hispano-Suiza
Hispano-Suiza logo.JPG
Industry Automotive/Engineering
Fate discontinued
Founded June 14, 1904
Defunct 1968
Headquarters Barcelona, Spain
Key people Emilio de la Cuadra, Marc Birkigt
Products Automobiles, Machinery
Hispano-Suiza (literally: "Spanish-Swiss") was a Spanish automotive and engineering firm, best known for its luxury cars and aviation engines pre-World War II. In 1923 its French subsidiary became a semi-autonomous partnership with the parent company. In 1968, the French arm was taken over by the aerospace company Snecma, now a part of the French SAFRAN Group.[1] The Spanish parent sold all its automotive assets to Enasa in 1946.
Hispano-Suiza designed the first 4 cylinder 16 valve engine and the car considered to have been the first sports car, the Hispano Suiza 45 Cr.[2]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Early years
1.2 World War I
1.3 1918–1936
1.4 Spanish Civil War and WWII
1.5 1950s–Today
2 Cars
3 Aircraft
4 Aircraft engines
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Early years[edit]
In 1898 a Spanish artillery captain, Emilio de la Cuadra, started electric automobile production in Barcelona under the name of La Cuadra. In Paris, De la Cuadra met the Swiss engineer Marc Birkigt (1878–1953) and hired him to work for the company in Spain. La Cuadra built their first gasoline-powered engines from a Birkigt design. At some point in 1902, the ownership changed hands to J. Castro and became Fábrica Hispano-Suiza de Automóviles (Spanish-Swiss Automobile Factory) but this company went bankrupt in December 1903.
Yet another restructuring took place in 1904, creating La Hispano-Suiza Fábrica de Automóviles, under Castro's direction, also based in Barcelona. Four new engines were introduced in the next year and a half; a 3.8-litre and 7.4-litre four-cylinder and a pair of big six-cylinder engines were produced. This company managed to avoid bankruptcy and its largest operations remained in Barcelona until 1946, where cars, trucks, buses, aero engines and weapons were produced. Other factories in Spain were at Ripoll and Guadalajara.
France was soon proving to be a larger market for Hispano's luxury cars than Spain. In 1911, an assembly factory called Hispano France began operating in the Paris suburb of Levallois-Perret. Production was moved to larger factories at Bois-Colombes, under the name Hispano-Suiza in 1914.
World War I[edit]
With the start of World War I, Hispano-Suiza turned to the design and production of aircraft engines under the direction of Marc Birkigt. His chief engineer during this period was another Swiss, Louis Massuger. Birkigt's solution to building aero engines was ahead of its time. Traditionally, aircraft engines were manufactured by machining separate steel cylinders and then bolting these assemblies directly to the crankcase. Birkigt's novel solution called for the engine block to be formed from a single piece of cast aluminum, and into which thin steel liners were secured. Manufacturing an engine in this way simplified construction and resulted in a lighter, yet stronger more durable engine. Thus, Birkigt's new construction method created the first practical, and what are commonly known today as, "cast block" engines. His aluminum cast block V-8 design was also noteworthy for incorporating overhead camshafts, propeller reduction gearing and other desirable features that would not appear together on competitor's engines until the late 1920s. Another major design feature was the use of a hollow propeller shaft to allow projectile firing through the (reduction geared only) propeller spinner,[citation needed] avoiding the need for a synchronization gear, a feature used in future Hispano-Suiza military engines. Hispano-Suiza's aero engines, produced at its own factories and under license, became the most commonly used aero engines in the French and British air forces, powering over half the alliance's fighter aircraft.[3]
1918–1936[edit]
After World War I, Hispano-Suiza returned to automobile manufacturing and in 1919 they introduced the Hispano-Suiza H6. The H6 featured an inline 6-cylinder overhead camshaft engine based on the features of its V8 aluminum World War I aircraft engines and a body design by the American coach designers Hibbard & Darrin.[4]
Licences for Hispano-Suiza patents were much in demand from prestige car manufacturers world-wide. Rolls-Royce used a number of Hispano-Suiza patents. For instance, for many years Rolls Royce installed Hispano-Suiza designed power brakes in its vehicles.
Through the 1920s and into the 1930s, Hispano-Suiza built a series of luxury cars with overhead camshaft engines of increasing performance. On the other hand, in the 1930s, Hispano-Suiza's V-12 car engines reverted to pushrod valve actuation to reduce engine noise.
During this time, Hispano-Suiza released the 37.2 Hispano-Suiza car built at the Hispano works in Paris.
In 1923 the French arm of Hispano-Suiza was incorporated as the Societé Française Hispano-Suiza, the Spanish parent company subscribing to 71% of the share capital. The French subsidiary was granted a large degree of financial and project independence but the technical co-operation between the Spanish and French arms of the company was always closely maintained. Luxury car production was increasingly concentrated in France while the Spanish operations moved into the production of commercial vehicles.
Hispano-Suiza stork hood ornament.
The mascot statuette atop the radiator after World War I was the stork, the symbol of the French province of Alsace, taken from the squadron emblem painted on the side of a Hispano-Suiza powered fighter aircraft that had been flown by the World War I French ace Georges Guynemer.
In 1925, Carlos Ballester obtained permission to represent Hispano-Suiza in Argentina. The agreement consisted of a phase in which the chassis were imported, followed by complete domestic production in Argentina. Thus “Hispano-Argentina, Fábrica de Automóviles S. A. (HAFDASA)" was born, for the production of Hispano-Suiza motors and automobiles, and also the production of spare parts for other car, truck, and bus manufacturers.
A fictional example of a Hispano-Suiza appears in the P.G. Wodehouse "Blandings Castle" stories; the family drove or rather were driven in a Hispano-Suiza (H6), rather than, say, a Rolls-Royce. Also in the Agatha Christie novel The Seven Dials Mystery the main character, Lady Eileen "Bundle" Brent, drives herself about in her "Hispano". In Kerry Greenwood's detective series set in 1928 Melbourne, the main character Phryne Fisher has a large red open-top Hispano-Suiza. In Evelyn Waugh's Decline and Fall Margot Beste-Chetwynde has at least two, as her 'second best Hispano Suiza' collects Paul Pennyfeather before his wedding. A yellow open Hispano-Suiza plays a central role in Michael Arlen's The Green Hat. A common misconception is that the leopard-skin upholstered vehicle belonging to the demented actress Norma Desmond, which features prominently in the 1951 Billy Wilder classic "Sunset Boulevard," is also a Hispano-Suiza; in fact, the pivotal vehicle in the Wilder film is an Isotta Fraschini.
Spanish Civil War and WWII[edit]
In 1936, the French arm of Hispano-Suiza was told to stop production of cars and turn solely to aircraft engines once again. At the time they had just introduced a new series of water-cooled V-12 engines and the Hispano-Suiza 12Y was in huge demand for practically every French aircraft. However Hispano was never able to deliver enough of these engines, and many French fighters sat on the ground complete but for the engine. Meanwhile, the Republic of Spain conscripted Hispano-Suiza's Spanish operations into war production of trucks, armoured vehicles and weapons for the civil war of 1936-1939. After the war, the company was severely affected by the devastated state of the Spanish economy and the trade embargoes imposed by the victorious allies. In 1946, Hispano-Suiza sold off its automotive assets to ENASA, the maker of Pegaso trucks.
A development of the era were a series of 20 mm autocannon, first the Hispano-Suiza HS.9, followed by the Hispano-Suiza HS.404. The 404 was licensed for production in Britain and equipped almost all RAF fighter aircraft during the war. Production was also set up in the US, but these versions never matured even though the USAAC and US Navy both wanted to use it in place of their existing .50 BMG weapons. A lesser-known success was the Hispano-Suiza HS.820, a higher performance 20 mm design that was also used in the US as the M139. A variation of the 20 mm guns used on the Lockheed P-38 Lightning aircraft were produced by International Harvester.[5] In 1970 Hispano-Suiza sold their armaments division to Oerlikon, the HS.820 becoming the KAD.
In 1940, Hispano-Suiza, together with the Spanish bank Banco Urquijo and a group of Spanish industrial companies, founded the 'Sociedad Ibérica de Automóviles de Turismo' (S.I.A.T.). This led to Spain's first mass-production car maker SEAT.
1950s–Today[edit]
After the Second World War the French arm of Hispano-Suiza continued primarily as an aerospace firm. Between 1945 and 1955, building the Rolls-Royce Nene under licence, designing landing gear in 1950 and Martin-Baker ejection seats in 1955. The company's attention turned increasingly to turbine manufacturing and, in 1968, it was taken over and became a division of SNECMA. In 1999 Hispano-Suiza moved its turbine operations to a new factory in Bezons, outside Paris, using the original factories for power transmissions and accessory systems for jet engines. In 2005 SNECMA merged with SAGEM to form SAFRAN.
The marque may be seeing a revival in the automotive sector with the showing of a model at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show .[6]
The Hispano-Suiza is driven by the affluent main character, Phryne, in the Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries television series produced by the ABC (Australia) and set in 1920s Melbourne. It is also owned and driven by Jack McGrath in Peter Carey's Illywhacker.
Cars[edit]
Model Year N° of cylinders Horsepower (CV)[clarification needed] Engine displacement (cc) Brakes Gearbox Maximum speed
10 HP 1904 6 10 ~ ~ ~ ~
14–16 HP 1904 6 From 14 to 16 ~ ~ ~ ~
Armoured type Birkigt 1905 4 20 ~ ~ ~ 87 km/h (54 mph)
20–30 HP 1906 ~ From 20 to 24 ~ ~ ~ 100 km/h (62 mph)
40 HP 1906 ~ 40 ~ ~ ~ 100 km/h (62 mph)
60–75 HP 1907 6 From 60 to 75 ~ ~ ~ ~
12–15 HP 1907 ~ From 12 to 15 ~ ~ ~ ~
20–30 HP 1908 4 From 20 to 30 ~ ~ ~ ~
24–30 HP 1908 4 From 24 to 30 ~ ~ ~ ~
30–40 HP 1908 4 From 30 to 40 ~ ~ ~ ~
Alfonso XIII 1912 4 64 3620 Drum brake in back wheels (front wheels without brakes) Manual transmission, 3 gears and reverse 121 km/h (75 mph)
15–20 HP 1909 4 From 15 to 20 ~ ~ ~ ~
20–30 HP 1909 4 From 20 to 30 ~ ~ ~ ~
T21 1913–14 ~ From 15 to 30 ~ ~ ~ ~
T22 1913–14 ~ From 18 to 60 ~ ~ ~ ~
T23 1913–14 ~ From 30 to 90 ~ ~ ~ ~
T26 1914–15 ~ 20 ~ ~ ~ ~
T30 1915–24 ~ 16 ~ ~ ~ ~
32 HP 1916 ~ 32 ~ ~ ~ ~
H6B 1919–29 6 135 6600 4-wheel drum brakes with Hispano Suiza power-assisted brakes Manual transmission, 3 gears and reverse 137 km/h (85 mph)
T48 1924 4 90 3746 ~ ~ ~
T49 1924–36 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
T64 1929–33 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
T60/T60 RL/T60 1932–43 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
H6C 1924–29 6 160 8000 4-wheel drum brakes with Hispano Suiza power-assisted brakes Manual transmission, 3 gears and reverse 177 km/h (110 mph)
T56 1928–36 6 46 ~ ~ ~ ~
J12 1931–38 12 220 9500 ~ ~ 185 km/h (115 mph)
K6 1934–37 6 120 5200 4-wheel drum brakes with Hispano Suiza power-asssisted brakes Manual transmission, 3 gears and reverse 140 km/h (87 mph)
The models H6B (1919–29), H6C (1924–29), Hispano Suiza Junior or HS26 (1931–32), J12 (1931–38) and K6 (1934–37) were made by the French division, the rest were all manufactured in Spain.
Aircraft[edit]
Hispano Barrón, 1919
Hispano E-30, 1930
Hispano HS-34, 1935
Hispano Aviación HA-1109
Hispano Aviación HA-1112 -K, 1942
Hispano Aviación HA-1112-M, 1942
Hispano Aviación HS-34 biplane trainer
Hispano Aviación HS-42
Hispano Aviación HA-43
Hispano Aviación HA-100 Triana
Hispano Aviación HA-200 Saeta
Hispano Aviación HA-220 Super Saeta
Hispano Aviación HA.P-300 manned glider version of the HA-300
Hispano Aviación HA-300
Aircraft engines[edit]
Model H on display
Hispano-Suiza 6M[7]
Hispano-Suiza 6Mb[7]
Hispano-Suiza 6Mbr
Hispano-Suiza 6P[7]
Hispano-Suiza 6Pa[7]
Hispano-Suiza 8A
Hispano-Suiza 8B
Hispano-Suiza 8E
Hispano-Suiza 8F
Hispano-Suiza 9T diesel radial[7]
Hispano-Suiza 9Q licensed Wright R-975 Whirlwind
Hispano-Suiza 9V licensed Wright R-1820 Cyclone
Hispano-Suiza 12B (1945)[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12G (W-12)[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12Ga (W-12)
Hispano-Suiza 12Gb (W-12)[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12H[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12Ha[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12Hb[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12Hbr[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12J[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12Ja[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12Jb[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12K[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12Kbrs[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12L[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12Lb[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12Lbr[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12Lbrx[7]
Hispano-Suiza 12M
Hispano-Suiza 12N
Hispano-Suiza 12X
Hispano-Suiza 12Y
Hispano-Suiza 12Z
Hispano-Suiza 14AA radial
Hispano-Suiza 14AB radial
Hispano-Suiza 14H radial[7]
Hispano-Suiza 14Hbs
Hispano-Suiza 14Hbrs radial[7]
Hispano Suiza 18R
Hispano-Suiza 18S[7]
Hispano-Suiza 18Sb
Hispano-Suiza 18Sbr[7]
Hispano-Suiza 24Z[7]
Latécoère-(Hispano-Suiza) 36Y[7]
Hispano-Suiza 48H[7]
Hispano-Suiza 48Z[7]
Hispano-Suiza Tay
Hispano-Suiza Verdon
Hispano-Suiza R.300[8]
Hispano-Suiza R.800[8]
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